Unified References¶
Reference convention. Entries retain the bibliographic styles and author credits of their chapter sources. An author–year citation is read against its full author string, title, and date; works with different credited collaborators are distinct entries. Chapter references without URLs identify the dated source versions used in this edition; omission of a URL does not imply that the work is unpublished. Chapter 7 and Chapter 12 have the edition disclosures stated in their source notes. The added Chapter 2 entry uses 2026x to preserve the existing citation labels; the suffix is an identifier, not a claim about publication order.
a16z. 2026. “The Two Ways to Sell AI: Lighthouse or Landgrab?” The a16z Show, August 13, 2026. Elena Burger with Andy McCall and Joe Schmidt. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-two-ways-to-sell-ai-lighthouse-or-landgrab/id842818711?i=1000783120776
AAAS. (2026, October 8). Introducing AlphaProof Nexus: An AI tool for formal mathematical proof discovery [Publisher summary]. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1146436
Aarhus Convention. 1998. Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters.
Aaronson, S. (2026, September 15). The Age of Wonders and Terrors. Shtetl-Optimized. https://scottaaronson.blog/?m=202609
ABC News. 2026. “Federal Appeals Court Upholds Pentagon Designation of Anthropic as Supply Chain Risk.” September 25, 2026. https://abcnews.com/Business/anthropic-appeals-court-declines-block-pentagon-blacklisting/story?id=136755690.
Abrishami, Tara. 2026. “In August, 25% of Math Preprints Acknowledged AI Use, Up from 4% in April.” Epoch AI, September 18, 2026. https://epoch.ai/data-insights/math-preprints-disclosed-ai-use.
Adcock, Robert, and David Collier. 2001. “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Science Review 95(3): 529–546.
Advisory Group on Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence (AGMAI). (2026, October 6). On OpenAI’s release of mathematical results. https://agmai.org/
Albanese, A. (2026, September 24). Press conference – New York [Transcript]. Prime Minister of Australia. https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-new-york
Alchourrón, Carlos E., Peter Gärdenfors, and David Makinson. 1985. “On the Logic of Theory Change: Partial Meet Contraction and Revision Functions.” Journal of Symbolic Logic 50(2): 510–530.
Alibaba DAMO Academy. 2026. “RADAR: An Expert-Level Generalist AI for Abdominal CT Diagnosis” [code and model repository]. Accessed September 28, 2026. https://github.com/alibaba-damo-academy/damo-radar
Altman, S. (2026a, September 12). Post endorsing independent evaluators with employee-like access [Post]. X. https://x.com/sama/status/2098811563415150910
Altman, S. (2026b, September 22). Post on AI standards, stakeholder voice, and concentration of power [Post]. X. https://x.com/sama/status/2102414347364335917
Amodei, Dario. 2026. “We Must Pace the Frontier.” September 12, 2026. https://darioamodei.com/post/we-must-pace-the-frontier. Accessed September 14, 2026.
Annenberg Public Policy Center. 2026. “Opposition to Local Data Centers Rises Sharply, Annenberg Survey Finds.” August 11, 2026. https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/opposition-to-local-data-centers-rises-sharply-annenberg-survey-finds/. Accessed September 14, 2026.
Anthropic. 2026a. “Automated Researchers Can Reliably Mitigate Alignment Failures.” August 28, 2026. https://www.anthropic.com/research/automated-researchers-mitigate-alignment-failures
Anthropic. 2026b. “Detecting and Countering Misuse of AI: September 2026.” September 10, 2026. https://www.anthropic.com/threat-intelligence-report-september-2026.
Anthropic. 2026c. “Formalizing Fermat’s Last Theorem.” September 4, 2026. https://www.anthropic.com/research/formalizing-fermats-last-theorem
Anthropic. (2026d, July 30). Investigating three real-world incidents in our cybersecurity evaluations. https://www.anthropic.com/news/investigating-incidents-cybersecurity-evals
Anthropic. 2026e. “Learning More About Claude’s Mathematical Capabilities.” August 10, 2026. https://www.anthropic.com/research/riemann-zeta
Anthropic. (2026f, June 4; updated September 18). When AI builds itself. By Marina Favaro and Jack Clark; editorial support by Santi Ruiz. Anthropic Institute. https://www.anthropic.com/institute/recursive-self-improvement
Anthropic. (2026g, September 25). Yes, Claude can do Nine Loops. Guest post by Matt von Hippel, with an addendum by Lance J. Dixon. https://www.anthropic.com/research/yes-claude-can-do-nine-loops
Anthropic. (2026h, October 9; corrected October 12). Investigating unintended model actions in our evaluations and internal use. https://www.anthropic.com/news/investigating-unintended-model-actions
Anthropic. (2026j, September 18). Partnering with Accenture on embedded evaluation. https://www.anthropic.com/news/accenture-embedded-evaluation
Anthropic. (2026k, September). Measurements for understanding the pace of AI development inside frontier labs. Anthropic Institute. https://www.anthropic.com/institute/measuring-pace-of-ai-development
Anthropic. 2026l. “An update on recent Claude Code quality reports.” April 23. https://www.anthropic.com/engineering/april-23-postmortem.
Anthropic. (2026m, October 16). Designing more efficient quantum circuits with Claude. https://www.anthropic.com/research/designing-efficient-quantum-circuits
Anthropic Frontier Red Team. 2026. “Measuring Tactical Intelligence Targeting and Conventional Weapons Capabilities of AI Models.” Anthropic, September 10, 2026. https://www.anthropic.com/research/intelligence-targeting-conventional-weapons-capabilities.
Anthropic PBC. 2026. Petition for Panel Rehearing or Rehearing En Banc. Anthropic PBC v. United States Department of War et al., D.C. Cir. Nos. 26-1049 and 26-1162, Document 2197902, filed October 13, 2026.
Aristotle. n.d. Metaphysics, Book Θ (Theta): Potentiality and Actuality.
Arnstein, Sherry R. 1969. “A Ladder of Citizen Participation.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35(4): 216–224.
Arrow, Kenneth J. 1951. Social Choice and Individual Values. New York: Wiley.
Arrow, Kenneth J., and Anthony C. Fisher. 1974. “Environmental Preservation, Uncertainty, and Irreversibility.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 88(2): 312–319.
Ashby, W. Ross. 1956. An Introduction to Cybernetics. London: Chapman & Hall.
Associated Press. 2026a. “Trump dismisses new AI guardrails, says there is a ‘SICK conspiracy’ against AI and data centers.” September 14, 2026. https://apnews.com/article/b85df16775ff7e9611a456b061a0e4b9. Accessed September 14, 2026.
Association for Human Mathematics (AHM). 2026. “Home,” “Members,” and member commitments. Accessed September 11-12, 2026. https://www.ahmath.org/
Association for Human Mathematics, Communications Working Group (AHM CWG). (2026, October 7). AHM statement on OpenAI’s October 6 release of mathematical documents. https://www.ahmath.org/statements
Austin, J. L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Avigad, J., and Ballard, M. (2026, October 8). AI for research mathematics has arrived. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ael6628
Axios. 2026. “Sam Altman confident AI industry can handle safety risks.” By Ina Fried, September 15. https://www.axios.com/2026/09/15/ai-safety-altman-openai.
Bai, Y., Kadavath, S., Kundu, S., Askell, A., Kernion, J., Jones, A., et al. (2022). Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback. arXiv:2212.08073. https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073
Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223–251.
Barry, A. (2026, March 20). Impact of modelling assumptions on time horizon results. METR. https://metr.org/notes/2026-03-20-impact-of-modelling-assumptions-on-time-horizon-results/
Bass, F. M. (1969). A new product growth for model consumer durables. Management Science, 15(5), 215–227.
Bastounis, Alexander, Fabian Circelli, and Anders C. Hansen. 2026. “Navier-Stokes lost in translation: Why Lean verification of AI autoformalisation does not guarantee correct natural language proofs.” arXiv:2610.08144, October 6. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08144.
Bateson, Gregory. 1949. “Bali: The Value System of a Steady State.” In Social Structure: Studies Presented to A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, edited by Meyer Fortes, 35–53. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprinted in Steps to an Ecology of Mind (1972).
Ben-Haim, Yakov. 2006. Info-Gap Decision Theory: Decisions Under Severe Uncertainty. 2nd ed. Academic Press.
Bennett, Andrew, and Jeffrey T. Checkel, eds. 2015. Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Black, Julia. 2008. “Constructing and Contesting Legitimacy and Accountability in Polycentric Regulatory Regimes.” Regulation & Governance 2(2): 137–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2008.00034.x.
Bogdan, Paul C., et al. 2026. “An Alignment Assessment of Recent Cybersecurity Incidents.” Anthropic, September 9, 2026. https://www.anthropic.com/research/alignment-assessment-cybersecurity-incidents.
Bowman, Samuel R., et al. 2022. “Measuring Progress on Scalable Oversight for Large Language Models.” arXiv:2211.03540.
Brady, Henry E., Sidney Verba, and Kay Lehman Schlozman. 1995. “Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation.” American Political Science Review 89(2): 271-294.
Bresnahan, T. F., & Trajtenberg, M. (1995). General purpose technologies: “Engines of growth”? Journal of Econometrics, 65(1), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T
Brynjolfsson, Erik, Bharat Chandar, and Ruyu Chen. 2026. “Canaries in the Coal Mine? Six Facts about the Recent Employment Effects of Artificial Intelligence.” Revised August 12, 2026. Stanford Digital Economy Lab. https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/publication/canaries-in-the-coal-mine-six-facts-about-the-recent-employment-effects-of-artificial-intelligence/
Business Insider. 2026. “The hot new job in tech as AI apocalypse fears reach a tipping point.” September 14, 2026. https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-embedded-evaluator-ai-apocalypse-dario-amodei-hire-2026-9. Accessed September 14, 2026.
Cabinet Office, AI Security Institute, National Cyber Security Centre, and Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. (2026, October 12). Britain steps up national defences against growing AI risks. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/britain-steps-up-national-defences-against-growing-ai-risks
Campbell, Andrea Louise. 2012. “Policy Makes Mass Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 15: 333-351.
Campbell, Donald T. 1979. “Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change.” Evaluation and Program Planning 2(1): 67–90.
Castelvecchi, D. (2026a, June 12). Humans outperform AI at this highly rigorous mathematics test. Nature, 654, 847-848. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-01888-9
Castelvecchi, D. (2026b, October 7; updated October 9; clarified October 12). OpenAI posts 700 maths preprints online: mathematicians are up in arms. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-03196-8
Castillo-Ramírez, Alonso. 2026. “The End of an Era in Mathematical Research.” Proofs and Prompts, August 12, 2026. https://proofsandprompts.com/2026/08/12/the-end-of-an-era-in-mathematical-research/
Chan, Alan, Christoph Winter, Andrew Barto, Jakub Pachocki, Geoffrey Hinton, Eric Horvitz, Yoshua Bengio, Dawn Song, Jack Clark, Hilary Greaves, Anton Korinek, Samuel Hammond, Thore Graepel, Ben Bariach, Philip H. S. Torr, Sheila A. McIlraith, Jeff Clune, Sam Manning, Girish Sastry, Tom Davidson, Daniel Eth, and Sören Mindermann. (2026, September). What if automating AI R&D triggers an intelligence explosion? Frontier AI Working Paper Series No. 2/2026. https://casp.ac/__l5e/assets-v1/5efd4b41-deb5-4513-a0a3-b4f82d2b79ea/intelligence-explosion.pdf
Chang, H.-C. H., & Fu, F. (2021). Elitism in mathematics and inequality. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8, Article 7. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00680-y
Chen, L., Zaharia, M., & Zou, J. (2023). FrugalGPT: How to Use Large Language Models While Reducing Cost and Improving Performance. arXiv:2305.05176. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.05176
Choi, S., Kang, H., Kim, N., & Kim, J. (2025a). The dual edges of AI: Advancing knowledge while reducing diversity. PNAS Nexus, 4(5), pgaf138. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf138
Choi, S., Kang, H., Kim, N., & Kim, J. 2025b. “How Does Artificial Intelligence Improve Human Decision-Making? Evidence from the AI-Powered Go Program.” Strategic Management Journal 46(6): 1523–1554. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3694
Christiano, Paul. 2026. “Personal Statement on Joining the OpenAI Board.” September 9, 2026. https://paulfchristiano.substack.com/p/personal-statement-on-joining-the.
Clay Mathematics Institute. 2018. “Rules for the Millennium Prize Problems.” Revised September 26, 2018. https://www.claymath.org/millennium-problems/rules/
Clay Mathematics Institute. 2026a. “The Millennium Prize Problems.” Accessed October 6, 2026. https://www.claymath.org/millennium-problems/
Clay Mathematics Institute. 2026b. “Navier-Stokes Announcement.” September 11, 2026. https://www.claymath.org/news/navier-stokes-announcement/
Clay Mathematics Institute. 2026c. “Navier–Stokes Equation.” Accessed September 8, 2026. https://www.claymath.org/millennium/Navier-Stokes-Equation/
Coalition of current and former Caltech mathematicians. 2026. “Open Letter about the Mathathon.” Proofs and Prompts, September 10, 2026. Accessed September 15, 2026. https://proofsandprompts.com/2026/09/10/open-letter-about-the-mathathon/ https://proofsandprompts.com/2026/09/10/open-letter-about-the-mathathon/comment-page-1/
Collingridge, David. 1980. The Social Control of Technology. London: Frances Pinter.
Conant, Roger C., and W. Ross Ashby. 1970. “Every Good Regulator of a System Must Be a Model of That System.” International Journal of Systems Science 1(2): 89–97.
Cooke, Bill, and Uma Kothari, eds. 2001. Participation: The New Tyranny? London: Zed Books.
Cronbach, Lee J., and Paul E. Meehl. 1955. “Construct Validity in Psychological Tests.” Psychological Bulletin 52(4): 281–302.
Dafoe, Allan. 2018. AI Governance: A Research Agenda. Centre for the Governance of AI, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. August 27, 2018. https://www.governance.ai/research-paper/agenda.
David, P. A. (1990). The dynamo and the computer: An historical perspective on the modern productivity paradox. American Economic Review, 80(2), 355–361.
de Kleer, Johan. 1986. “An Assumption-Based TMS.” Artificial Intelligence 28(2): 127–162.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1987. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translated by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Originally published as Mille plateaux (1980).
Dixit, Avinash K., and Robert S. Pindyck. 1994. Investment Under Uncertainty. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Dixon, L. J., & Liu, Y.-T. (2023). An eight loop amplitude via antipodal duality. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2023, 98. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2023)098
Doyle, Jon. 1979. “A Truth Maintenance System.” Artificial Intelligence 12(3): 231–272.
Duhem, Pierre. 1954 [1906]. The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Engadget. 2026. Anna Washenko, “Meta Is ‘Pausing’ Employee Tracking Program After It Let The Whole Company See Sensitive Data.” June 22, 2026. https://www.engadget.com/2199458/meta-is-pausing-employee-tracking-program-after-it-let-the-whole-company-see-sensitive-data/. Accessed September 14, 2026.
European Commission. 2026. “AI Act.” Shaping Europe’s Digital Future. Updated August 2026. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai.
European Mathematical Society. 2026. “Leiden Declaration on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics.” August 5, 2026. Accessed September 15, 2026. https://euromathsoc.org/news/leiden-declaration-on-artificial-intelligence-and-mathematics-224
European Union. 2026. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), consolidated version of July 27, 2026. EUR-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/2026-07-27/eng.
Fast Company. 2026. Pavithra Mohan, “What happened when Meta tried to collect employee data.” September 11, 2026. https://www.fastcompany.com/91606241/what-happened-when-meta-tried-to-collect-employee-data. Accessed September 14, 2026.
Fields Medallists (twenty-five signatories, including Artur Avila, Manjul Bhargava, Pierre Deligne, Terence Tao, Maryna Viazovska and Efim Zelmanov). 2026. “A Severe Misalignment of AI in Mathematics.” Declaration, September 11, 2026. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22737750. Also posted at https://mathandai.org/.
Fuentes, Amy L., David S. Black, Ann E. McRitchie, Tanner N. Slaughter, and Marissa C. Serafino. 2026. “D.C. Circuit Upholds Exclusion of Anthropic from DOW Supply Chain Under FASCSA.” Holland & Knight Alert, September 29, 2026. https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2026/09/dc-circuit-upholds-exclusion-of-anthropic-from-dow-supply-chain.
Fung, Archon. 2006. “Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance.” Public Administration Review 66(s1): 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00667.x.
Gallegos, A. (2026, October 8). OpenAI withdraws three preprints a day after releasing 722 manuscripts on unsolved math problems. Retraction Watch. https://retractionwatch.com/2026/10/08/openai-withdraws-preprints-722-manuscripts-unsolved-math-problems/
Gardner Food and Agricultural Policy Survey. 2026. “Changing Public Perceptions of AI and Data Center Development.” farmdoc daily, September 14, 2026. https://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2026/09/changing-public-perceptions-of-ai-and-data-center-development-results-from-the-gardner-food-and-agricultural-policy-survey.html. Accessed September 14, 2026.
Gaventa, John. 2006. “Finding the Spaces for Change: A Power Analysis.” IDS Bulletin 37(6): 23-33.
Goodhart, C. A. E. 1984. Monetary Theory and Practice: The UK Experience. London: Macmillan.
Goodin, Robert E. 2007. “Enfranchising All Affected Interests, and Its Alternatives.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 35(1): 40–68.
Google. 2026. “Google Deepens Commitment to Finland with Two-Year €13 Billion Investment in AI Infrastructure.” September 9, 2026. https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2026-09-09-Google-Deepens-Commitment-to-Finland-with-Two-Year-EUR13-Billion-investment-in-AI-Infrastructure
Google DeepMind. 2017a. “2017: DeepMind’s Year in Review.” December 21, 2017. https://deepmind.google/blog/2017-deepminds-year-in-review/
Google DeepMind. 2017b. “AlphaGo’s Next Move.” May 27, 2017. https://deepmind.google/blog/alphagos-next-move/
Google DeepMind. 2026. “From Games to Biology and Beyond: 10 Years of AlphaGo’s Impact.” March 10, 2026. https://deepmind.google/blog/10-years-of-alphago/
Granovetter, M. (1978). Threshold models of collective behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 83(6), 1420–1443.
Greenblatt, Ryan, Buck Shlegeris, Kshitij Sachan, and Fabien Roger. 2024. “AI Control: Improving Safety Despite Intentional Subversion.” In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2024). arXiv:2312.06942.
Griliches, Z. (1957). Hybrid corn: An exploration in the economics of technological change. Econometrica, 25(4), 501–522.
Gu, A., Kemeny, A. H., Yelin, S. F., and Lukin, M. D. (2026, October 15). Discovering state-of-the-art quantum circuits with large language models. arXiv:2610.22367. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22367
Hacker News. (2026, September 23). Building standards for the next phase of AI [Discussion thread]. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=49802825
Handley, E. (2026, September 24). OpenAI hacked Medicare portal, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese says. ABC News (Australia). https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-09-24/ai-agent-accessed-australian-government-site-pm-says/107189078
Hassabis, D. (2026, September). A framework for frontier AI and the dawning of a new age. DeepMind Institute. https://institute.deepmind.com/essays/a-framework-for-frontier-ai-and-the-dawning-of-a-new-age/
Henry, Claude. 1974. “Investment Decisions Under Uncertainty: The ‘Irreversibility Effect.’” American Economic Review 64(6): 1006–1012.
Hinton, G., Vinyals, O., & Dean, J. (2015). Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network. arXiv:1503.02531. https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.02531
Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hood, Christopher, Henry Rothstein, and Robert Baldwin. 2001. The Government of Risk: Understanding Risk Regulation Regimes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Imam, P. A., & Temple, J. R. W. (2026). Relative development and the intelligence divide: Human capital, technology diffusion, and AI. IMF Working Paper 2026/190. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229057349.001
Imbens, Guido W., and Donald B. Rubin. 2015. Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Insilico Medicine. (2026, July 7). Insilico initiates Phase III clinical trial for Rentosertib, its AI-empowered TNIK inhibitor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. https://insilico.com/news/xmjsn4l091-insilico-initiates-phase-iii-clinical-tr
Irving, Geoffrey, Paul Christiano, and Dario Amodei. 2018. “AI Safety via Debate.” arXiv:1805.00899. https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.00899.
Jacobs, J., & Imas, A. (2026, September). Economic policy for AGI. DeepMind Institute. https://institute.deepmind.com/essays/economic-policy-for-agi/
Jaiswal, Rishabh. 2026. “Anthropic Seeks Rehearing of Case over Pentagon’s Security Risk Branding.” Reuters, October 14, 2026. Republished by The Star, October 14, 2026. https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2026/10/14/anthropic-seeks-rehearing-of-case-over-pentagon039s-security-risk-branding
Korea Baduk Association. (2026, September 7). Eight Korean players set for the 12th Guksu Mountains International Baduk Championship. https://baduk.or.kr/news/report_view.asp?news_no=5928
Korinek, A., Jones, C. I., Sacher, S., Cotter, T., & McCrory, P. (2026). Economic scenarios for transformative AI. The Anthropic Institute Working Paper No. 2026-02. https://www-cdn.anthropic.com/files/4zrzovbb/website/cf58f84d46a4a76bf5a5b039ac695fba6b80041c.pdf
Kuhn, Thomas S. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kwak, H. (2026). When AI becomes routine: A decade of public AI mediation in Korean Go commentary. arXiv:2607.28332. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.28332
Lakatos, Imre. 1970. “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.” In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, 91–195. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lange, J. (2026, September 22). Three out of four Americans say AI firms not doing enough to prevent disaster, Reuters/Ipsos poll finds. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/three-out-four-americans-say-ai-firms-not-doing-enough-prevent-disaster-2026-09-22/
Laudan, Larry. 1977. Progress and Its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Leiden Declaration on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics. 2026. June 2, 2026. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20302944. Accessed September 15, 2026. https://leidendeclaration.ai/ https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20302944
Lempert, Robert J., Steven W. Popper, and Steven C. Bankes. 2003. Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis. RAND Corporation.
London Mathematical Society. 2026. “Artificial Intelligence.” Publications policy, updated June 2026. Accessed September 15, 2026. https://www.lms.ac.uk/publications/policies/AI
Mansbridge, Jane. 1999. “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’.” Journal of Politics 61(3): 628-657.
Manski, Charles F. 2003. Partial Identification of Probability Distributions. New York: Springer.
Massenkoff, M., Lyubich, E., McCrory, P., Appel, R., & Heller, R. (2026, March 24). Anthropic Economic Index report: Learning curves. Anthropic. https://www.anthropic.com/research/economic-index-march-2026-report
Mathathon Organizers. 2026. “A Response from Mathathon.” Proofs and Prompts, September 10, 2026. Accessed September 15, 2026. https://proofsandprompts.com/2026/09/10/a-response-from-mathathon/
Matthias, Andreas. 2004. “The Responsibility Gap: Ascribing Responsibility for the Actions of Learning Automata.” Ethics and Information Technology 6: 175-183.
McAleese, Nat, et al. 2024. “LLM Critics Help Catch LLM Bugs.” arXiv:2407.00215.
METR. (2026, May 8). Task-completion time horizons of frontier AI models. https://metr.org/time-horizons/
Microsoft, American Federation of Teachers, and United Federation of Teachers. 2026. “AFT, UFT and Microsoft announce ‘National AI Safety & Privacy Standard’ for schools to protect students, families and educators.” September 9, 2026. https://news.microsoft.com/source/2026/09/09/aft-uft-and-microsoft-announce-national-ai-safety-privacy-standard-for-schools-to-protect-students-families-and-educators/. Accessed September 14, 2026.
Morgan, Mary S., and Margaret Morrison, eds. 1999. Models as Mediators: Perspectives on Natural and Social Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Morris, M. R., Sohl-Dickstein, J., Fiedel, N., Warkentin, T., Dafoe, A., Faust, A., Farabet, C., & Legg, S. 2024. “Position: Levels of AGI for Operationalizing Progress on the Path to AGI.” Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR 235: 36308–36321. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v235/morris24b.html
Narayan, K. (2026, October 12). Building a Safer, More Secure Britain in the age of AI [Speech]. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/building-a-safer-more-secure-britain-in-the-age-of-ai
Nash, John F., Jr. 1950. “The Bargaining Problem.” Econometrica 18 (2): 155–162. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907266
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2019. Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2026, September 4). NHTSA opens investigation into Tesla Cybercab self-certification following Austin deployment. https://www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/investigation-tesla-cybercab-self-certification
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2023. Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). NIST AI 100-1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.100-1.
Nature Machine Intelligence. (2026, June 23). Solutions, challenges and rising tensions in AI and mathematics. Nature Machine Intelligence, 8, 857. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-026-01269-x
Nelson, R. R., & Phelps, E. S. (1966). Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth. American Economic Review, 56(1/2), 69–75.
Nerlove, M. (1956). Estimates of the elasticities of supply of selected agricultural commodities. Journal of Farm Economics, 38(2), 496–509.
Nihon Ki-in. (2026, September 10). 28th Nongshim Shin Ramyun Cup / 4th Baeksansu Cup first round. https://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/match_news/match_result/12841.html
NVIDIA. (2026, September 15). NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang at the All-In Summit [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CC380G7fyH0
Ogburn, W. F. (1922). Social change with respect to culture and original nature. New York: B. W. Huebsch.
OpenAI. 2018. “OpenAI Charter.” Accessed September 28, 2026. https://openai.com/charter/
OpenAI. (2026a, September 21). Building standards for the next phase of AI. https://openai.com/index/building-standards-next-phase-ai/
OpenAI. 2026b. “GPT-6 Astra System Card.” Published September 3, 2026; alignment-section revision September 9, 2026; HealthBench correction September 22, 2026. OpenAI Deployment Safety Hub. https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-6-astra. Change log: https://deploymentsafety.openai.com/gpt-6-astra/change-log.
OpenAI. (2026c, August 26). The Hugging Face incident and the road ahead. https://openai.com/index/hugging-face-incident-and-the-road-ahead/
OpenAI. 2026d. “On the Navier–Stokes Millennium Prize Problem.” September 8, 2026; updated September 10, 2026. https://openai.com/index/navier-stokes-solution/.
OpenAI. (2026e, September 16). Our framework for reporting model misalignment. https://openai.com/index/model-misalignment-reporting-framework/
OpenAI. 2026g. “Pacing Model Development in an Era of Cyber-Critical Capabilities.” August 18, 2026. https://openai.com/index/pacing-model-development-cyber-capabilities/
OpenAI. 2026h. “Paul Christiano Joins OpenAI Foundation Board.” September 9, 2026. https://openai.com/index/paul-christiano-joins-openai-foundation-board/.
OpenAI. (2026i, September 22). Priorities and principles for effective third party assessments. https://openai.com/index/priorities-principles-third-party-assessments/
OpenAI. 2026j. “Research Acceleration: The View Inside OpenAI.” September 6, 2026. https://openai.com/index/research-acceleration-view-inside-openai/
OpenAI. 2026k. “Separating Signal from Noise in Coding Evaluations.” July 8, 2026. https://openai.com/index/separating-signal-from-noise-coding-evaluations/.
OpenAI. 2026l. “Ten Advances in Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science.” August 1, 2026. https://openai.com/index/ten-advances-in-mathematics/
OpenAI. 2026m. “Why SWE-bench Verified No Longer Measures Frontier Coding Capabilities.” February 23, 2026. https://openai.com/index/why-we-no-longer-evaluate-swe-bench-verified/.
OpenAI. (2026n, October 6; current catalogue checked October 12). math [Repository README]. GitHub. https://github.com/openai/math
OpenAI. (2026o, October 7; checked October 12). History. math [Repository]. GitHub. https://github.com/openai/math/blob/main/history.md
OpenAI. (2026p, October 6; updated October 15). Sharing AI progress in mathematics. https://openai.com/index/sharing-ai-progress-in-mathematics/
Pachocki, Jakub. 2026. “An Alien Mind.” OpenAI, September 6, 2026. https://openai.com/index/an-alien-mind/
Pearl, Judea. 2009. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Perez, C. (2002). Technological revolutions and financial capital: The dynamics of bubbles and golden ages. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Perez, Ethan, Saffron Huang, Francis Song, Trevor Cai, Roman Ring, John Aslanides, Amelia Glaese, Nat McAleese, and Geoffrey Irving. 2022. “Red Teaming Language Models with Language Models.” arXiv:2202.03286. https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.03286. Also published in Proceedings of EMNLP 2022, pp. 3419–3448. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.225
Pierson, Paul. 1993. “When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback and Political Change.” World Politics 45(4): 595-628.
Popper, Karl R. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hutchinson.
Quine, W. V. O. 1951. “Two Dogmas of Empiricism.” Philosophical Review 60(1): 20–43.
Raji, Inioluwa Deborah, Andrew Smart, Rebecca N. White, Margaret Mitchell, Timnit Gebru, Ben Hutchinson, Jamila Smith-Loud, Daniel Theron, and Parker Barnes. 2020. “Closing the AI Accountability Gap: Defining an End-to-End Framework for Internal Algorithmic Auditing.” Proceedings of FAT* ’20, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1145/3351095.3372873.
Ren, F., Aliper, A., Chen, J., et al. (2025). A small-molecule TNIK inhibitor targets fibrosis in preclinical and clinical models. Nature Biotechnology, 43(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02143-0
Reuters. 2026b. “Finland Risks Strained Power Supply after Google AI Deal, Opposition Warns.” September 10, 2026. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/finland-risks-strained-power-supply-after-google-ai-deal-opposition-warns-2026-09-10/
Reuters. 2026c. “Mark Zuckerberg Had a Bold Plan to Replace Meta Staff with AI. Here’s How It Imploded.” August 26, 2026. https://www.reuters.com/investigations/mark-zuckerberg-had-bold-plan-replace-meta-staff-with-ai-heres-how-it-imploded-2026-08-26/
Reuters. 2026d. “Meta scales back plan for internal mouse-tracking tech, citing staff concerns.” June 2, 2026. https://www.reuters.com/world/meta-scales-back-ai-mouse-clicks-tool-citing-employee-concerns-2026-06-02/. Accessed September 14, 2026.
Reuters. 2026e. “Meta to start capturing employee mouse movements, keystrokes for AI training data.” April 21, 2026. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/meta-start-capturing-employee-mouse-movements-keystrokes-ai-training-data-2026-04-21/. Accessed September 14, 2026.
Reuters. 2026f. “OpenAI, New York Times Case Tees Up Key Test of AI Training under Copyright Law.” September 8, 2026. https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/openai-new-york-times-case-tees-up-key-test-ai-training-under-copyright-law-2026-09-08/
Reuters. (2026g, September 8). Slovenia clears Tesla’s FSD driver assistance ahead of EU vote. https://www.reuters.com/business/slovenia-clears-teslas-fsd-driver-assistance-ahead-eu-vote-2026-09-08/
Reuters. 2026h. “US Accuses Chinese AI Firms of ‘Malicious’ Copying of AI Technology.” September 8, 2026. https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-accuses-chinese-ai-firms-industrial-scale-theft-ai-technology-2026-09-08/
Robeyns, Ingrid. 2005. “The Capability Approach: A Theoretical Survey.” Journal of Human Development 6(1): 93–117.
Rogers, E. M. (1962). Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free Press.
SAIR Foundation. (2026). Building open models for the mathematical community. https://sair.foundation/open-math-model/
Santoni de Sio, Filippo, and Jeroen van den Hoven. 2018. “Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems: A Philosophical Account.” Frontiers in Robotics and AI 5:15.
Saunders, William, Catherine Yeh, Jeff Wu, Steven Bills, Long Ouyang, Jonathan Ward, and Jan Leike. 2022. “Self-critiquing Models for Assisting Human Evaluators.” arXiv:2206.05802. https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.05802.
Scheffer, Marten, et al. 2009. “Early-Warning Signals for Critical Transitions.” Nature 461: 53–59.
Schmidt, Joe, & Julian Marx. 2026. “Lighthouse or Landgrab? How to Pick Your AI Sales Strategy.” Andreessen Horowitz, July 27, 2026. https://a16z.com/lighthouse-or-landgrab-how-to-pick-your-ai-sales-strategy/
Schuler, Marcus. 2026. “25 Fields Medalists Say AI Labs’ Race to Solve Math Problems Is Harming Mathematics.” Implicator, September 13, 2026. https://www.implicator.ai/25-fields-medalists-say-ai-labs-race-to-solve-math-problems-is-harming-mathematics/.
Schwarz, Dan. (2026, August 27; page header updated August 29; selected forecasts rerun September 8). Recursive Self-Improvement at Frontier AI Labs. FutureSearch. https://futuresearch.ai/recursive-self-improvement-forecast/
Sen, Amartya. 1970. Collective Choice and Social Welfare. San Francisco: Holden-Day.
Sen, Amartya. 1985. Commodities and Capabilities. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Shah, R., & Dragan, A. (2026, September). The case for reasoning transparency. DeepMind Institute. https://institute.deepmind.com/essays/the-case-for-reasoning-transparency/
Shin, M., Kim, J., van Opheusden, B., & Griffiths, T. L. (2023). Superhuman artificial intelligence can improve human decision-making by increasing novelty. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(12), e2214840120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2214840120
Shin, S., Kim, S., Choi, T., & Son, J. Y. (2026). Performance concentration and leadership transformation driven by AI diffusion: An empirical analysis of the global professional Go community. Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems, 32(2), 229–251. https://doi.org/10.13088/jiis.2026.32.2.229
Shumailov, I., Shumaylov, Z., Zhao, Y., Gal, Y., Papernot, N., & Anderson, R. (2023, revised April 2024). The Curse of Recursion: Training on Generated Data Makes Models Forget. arXiv:2305.17493. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.17493
Simons Foundation. (2026, October 15). Simons Foundation launches $15M effort to help mathematicians navigate AI era. https://www.simonsfoundation.org/news/simons-foundation-launches-15m-effort-to-help-mathematicians-navigate-ai-era/
Srikanth, D., Zhao, B., Xu, D., Wu, Y., and Jiang, Z. (2026, September 22). Recursive self-improvement of AI research agents. arXiv:2609.26457. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.26457
Taeihagh, Araz. 2021. “Governance of Artificial Intelligence.” Policy and Society 40(2): 137–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1928377.
Tao, T. (2026e, September 18). SAIR’s Open Math Model initiative. What’s new. https://terrytao.wordpress.com/2026/09/18/sairs-open-math-model-initiative/
Tao, Terence. 2026a. “Answers versus insight.” Mathstodon, September 3, 2026. https://mathstodon.xyz/@tao/117208617602946453
Tao, Terence. 2026c. “Mathematics in the age of AI.” arXiv:2608.16753. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.16753
Tao, Terence. 2026d. “Navier–Stokes as a worked example.” Mathstodon, September 3, 2026. https://mathstodon.xyz/@tao/117207849921390904
Tao, Terence. 2026f. “A Severe Misalignment of AI in Mathematics.” What’s New, September 11, 2026. https://terrytao.wordpress.com/2026/09/11/a-severe-misalignment-of-ai-in-mathematics/. Accessed September 14, 2026.
TechCrunch. (2026, September 11). OpenAI’s feud with mathematicians is only escalating. https://techcrunch.com/2026/09/11/openais-feud-with-mathematicians-is-only-escalating/
The Next Web. 2026. “‘Slop mathematics’: OpenAI walks away from a Caltech AI maths contest.” September 14, 2026. https://thenextweb.com/news/openai-withdraws-caltech-mathathon-slop-mathematics-fields-medallists. Accessed September 14, 2026.
Tsoukalas, G., et al. (2026, October 8). Advancing mathematics research with AI-driven formal proof search. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aej2213. Preprint: arXiv:2605.22763, May 21; revised June 8, 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22763
Turner, B. L., II, et al. 2003. “A Framework for Vulnerability Analysis in Sustainability Science.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(14): 8074–8079.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. 2026. Anthropic PBC v. United States Department of War et al., No. 26-1049 (consolidated with No. 26-1162). Opinion of the court by Judge Katsas; dissent by Judge Henderson. September 25, 2026. https://media.cadc.uscourts.gov/opinions/docs/2026/09/26-1049-2194984.pdf
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. 2026. Anthropic PBC v. U.S. Department of War et al., Case No. 26-cv-01996-RFL, Order on Cross Motions for Summary Judgment, Filing 250, August 27, 2026. https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/california/candce/3:2026cv01996/465515/250.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2026, June 24). UNECE adopts first-ever global rules allowing fully autonomous vehicles. https://unece.org/sustainable-development/press/unece-adopts-first-ever-global-rules-allowing-fully-autonomous
Verba, Sidney, and Norman H. Nie. 1972. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper & Row.
von Hippel, M. (2026, September 25). It Got to My Field. 4 gravitons. https://4gravitons.com/2026/09/25/it-got-to-my-field/
von Neumann, John, and Oskar Morgenstern. 1944. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
W.H.L. (2025a, March 7). AI by AI: A New Trend in 2025. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2025/03/07/ai-by-ai-a-new-trend-in-2025/
W.H.L. 2025b. “AI by AI: Critical Thinking and AI Otherness.” Champaign Magazine, March 11, 2025. https://champaignmagazine.com/2025/03/11/ai-by-ai-critical-thinking-and-ai-otherness/
W.H.L. & ChatGPT. 2026i. “Gradual AGI as Epistemic Extension.” Gradual AGI Series #1. Champaign Magazine, January 19, 2026. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/01/19/gradual-agi-as-epistemic-extension/
W.H.L. & Claude (Sonnet 5). 2026b. “Ceiling, Floor, and Slope: A Falsifiable Dynamical Model of Synchronization for Gradual AGI.” Gradual AGI Series #4. Champaign Magazine, July 4, 2026. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/07/04/ceiling-floor-and-slope-a-falsifiable-dynamical-model-of-synchronization-for-gradual-agi/
W.H.L. & GPT-5.5. 2026f. “Gradual AGI as Abundant Resources.” Gradual AGI Series #2. Champaign Magazine, June 11, 2026. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/06/11/gradual-agi-as-abundant-resources/
W.H.L. & GPT-5.5. 2026n. “Gradual AGI as Synchronization for Transformative Adoption.” Gradual AGI Series #3. Champaign Magazine, June 29, 2026. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/06/29/gradual-agi-as-synchronization-for-transformative-adoption/
W.H.L. and Claude (Opus 5). 2026g. “Gradual AGI as Contestation: A Framework for Governance.” Gradual AGI Series #7. August 3, 2026. Current live version v1.9. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/08/03/gradual-agi-as-contestation-a-framework-for-governance/.
W.H.L. with Claude Sonnet 4. 2025. “First Principles of AGI-Inclusive Humanity.” Champaign Magazine, June 17, 2025. https://champaignmagazine.com/2025/06/17/first-principles-of-agi-inclusive-humanity/
W.H.L. with Claude Sonnet 4.5. 2025. “Problems with Alignment of AGI with CHC Strata II.” Champaign Magazine, October 18, 2025. https://champaignmagazine.com/2025/10/18/problems-with-alignment-of-agi-with-chc-strata-ii/
W.H.L. with Grok-3. 2025. “Trustworthy AI is Only Possible in Nash Equilibrium.” Champaign Magazine, March 14, 2025. https://champaignmagazine.com/2025/03/14/trustworthy-ai-is-only-possible-in-nash-equilibrium/.
W.H.L., Claude (Opus 5), and GPT-5.6 Sol. 2026h. “Gradual AGI as Contestation: Measuring Governance Under Empirical Contact.” Gradual AGI Series #8. August 11, 2026. Current live version v1.4.6. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/08/11/gradual-agi-as-contestation-measuring-governance-under-empirical-contact/.
W.H.L., Claude (Sonnet 5, Opus 5). 2026k. “Gradual AGI as Optimization: Formal Models and Empirical Tests.” Gradual AGI Series #6. Originally published July 24, 2026; current live version v1.4, July 26, 2026. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/07/24/gradual-agi-as-optimization-formal-models-and-empirical-tests/.
W.H.L., Claude Sonnet 5, & GPT-5.5. 2026j. “Gradual AGI as Optimization: A Conceptual Framework.” Gradual AGI Series #5. Champaign Magazine, July 22, 2026. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/07/22/gradual-agi-as-optimization-a-conceptual-framework/
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, & Claude Opus 5. 2026o. “Graduality: A Feature Catalog of Gradual AGI.” Champaign Magazine, August 18, 2026. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/08/18/graduality-a-feature-catalog-of-gradual-agi/
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, & Claude Opus 5. 2026w. “What ‘Gradual’ Means in Gradual AGI: A Feature Catalog.” Champaign Magazine, August 17, 2026. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/08/17/what-gradual-means-in-gradual-agi-a-feature-catalog/
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026l. “Gradual AGI as Participation: 3M Taxonomy, Relational Grammar, and Responsive Floor Test.” Gradual AGI Series #10, Publication Version v1.6.2, August 30, 2026. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/08/30/gradual-agi-as-participation-3m-taxonomy-relational-grammar-and-responsive-floor-test/
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026m. “Gradual AGI as Participation: Subjects, Acts, and Consequences.” Gradual AGI Series #9. Publication Version v1.0, August 27, 2026. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/08/27/gradual-agi-as-participation-subjects-acts-and-consequences/.
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026p. “A Multi-Plateau Framework of the Unified Gradual AGI Model.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 3, Publication Version v1.0, September 6, 2026. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/09/06/a-multi-plateau-framework-of-the-unified-gradual-agi-model/
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026s. “Participation: Subjects, Acts, and Consequences.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 8, Publication Version v1.1.5, September 15, 2026; originally posted September 14, 2026. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/09/14/participation-subjects-acts-and-consequences/
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026t. “Participation: What Survives Empirical Contact.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 9, Assembly source v1.0.3; published antecedent: Publication Version v1.0.2, September 16, 2026. Champaign Magazine.
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026v. “The Unified Gradual AGI Model.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 12, Publication Candidate v1.04, September 27, 2026, with book-edition amendments. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/09/27/the-unified-gradual-agi-model/
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5.5. 2026a. “AGI and the Meaning of Gradual Transformation.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 1, Publication Version v1.04, September 28, 2026. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/09/28/agi-and-the-meaning-of-gradual-transformation/
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5.5. 2026x. “AGI-Inclusive Humanity.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 2, Publication Version v1.0.2, September 29, 2026. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/09/29/agi-inclusive-humanity/
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026c. “Feedback, Recursion, and Ongoing Transformation.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 11, Publication Version v1.01, September 19, 2026. Champaign Magazine.
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026d. “From Potential to Realization.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 4, Publication Version v1.2, September 9, 2026. Champaign Magazine. https://champaignmagazine.com/2026/09/09/from-potential-to-realization/
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026e. “Governance: Contesting Realization.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 7, Assembly revision v1.3; published antecedent: Publication Version v1.0, September 12, 2026. Champaign Magazine.
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026q. “Observation, Evidence, and Epistemic Discipline.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 10, Publication Version v1.0, September 18, 2026. Champaign Magazine.
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026r. “Optimization: Choosing Among Trajectories.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 6, Publication Version v1.0, September 10, 2026. Champaign Magazine.
W.H.L., GPT-5.6 Sol, and Claude Sonnet 5. 2026u. “Synchronization: Ceiling, Floor, and Slope.” On Gradual AGI, chap. 5, Publication Version v1.0.1, September 10, 2026. Champaign Magazine.
Weinreich, Max. 2026. “The crisis of AI-generated mathematics.” arXiv:2608.02859. Submitted August 3, 2026; revised August 24, 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.02859
Woit, P. (2026, September 25). Some HEP-TH News. Not Even Wrong. https://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=15881
Zeff, Maxwell. 2026. “The AI Researcher Who Just Quit Anthropic Says It’s ‘Crunch Time for Humanity.’” WIRED. September 9, 2026. https://www.wired.com/story/anthropic-researcher-quits-jacob-coxon-ai-fears-humanity/.
Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Cao, W., Lu, Z., Chang, W., et al. 2026. “An Expert-Level Generalist AI for Abdominal CT Diagnosis.” Science 393(6817): eaec6129. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aec6129
Zhou, W., and Freeman, D. (2026, October 12). AI models may be capable of self-replicating without access to a datacenter. Anthropic. https://www.anthropic.com/research/self-replicating-ai